tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-50765827660862288102024-02-19T04:26:01.761+01:00Gabriel HelouPeace is not the absence of war, but the absence of injusticeGabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.comBlogger1408125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-84193318222361302023-05-05T14:29:00.008+02:002023-05-05T14:30:42.340+02:00Photo: Damascus Gate, Jerusalem <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqNMfXuhnS3hUGI8MyuC47HmkSroiFTw3uo_FfqsGYaJoj_xLVTqDdt5_U7M2F6xzRKCkKplbpvOirNSe4qF1GGyZkBhlFtn5do5cHSflS9EqXsRRVSf-cQbWJnwNYQNVsSCxIR9PTh0bjJmqRE9khPdbRNiBr3uGpUmf5EJrY8AaOUv3DI5aVMYNQw/s5955/Damascus%20Gate1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3443" data-original-width="5955" height="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqNMfXuhnS3hUGI8MyuC47HmkSroiFTw3uo_FfqsGYaJoj_xLVTqDdt5_U7M2F6xzRKCkKplbpvOirNSe4qF1GGyZkBhlFtn5do5cHSflS9EqXsRRVSf-cQbWJnwNYQNVsSCxIR9PTh0bjJmqRE9khPdbRNiBr3uGpUmf5EJrY8AaOUv3DI5aVMYNQw/w602-h348/Damascus%20Gate1.jpg" width="602" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">I took this photo of Damascus Gate in Jerusalem on 2 May 2023. Click <a href="https://gabrielhelouphotography.zenfoliosite.com/collections/historical--religious-sites?id=29e03cfe-3603-4b91-96cb-7590f6bc257a&ct=2&gt=2&st=1&sc=0&rootPageId=54fc7bcb-6d40-429d-9caf-6c7003f3e76a&srf=true"><b><span style="color: red;">here</span></b></a> to see more.</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-485091317993079292023-01-25T10:11:00.016+01:002023-01-25T10:25:50.116+01:00Photos of Jerusalem <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ixUzE_cRSE1rTgjd9_0XDBl7Nf08DksBliiOIJ_q8oFtZS7GbZdSQRBP09d8mUg3cBDDmKilqPcoNwUdksvnXPk8ou1OXGazpMsnHT57amZXOTk-ASVeb1moTxAnPtLYp9EmOUJZEF4EssoLUI9MzKaLau78xHGFsdujp0WvY9LptODc7hziZitS4A/s6000/Jerusalem%20sunset.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2879" data-original-width="6000" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ixUzE_cRSE1rTgjd9_0XDBl7Nf08DksBliiOIJ_q8oFtZS7GbZdSQRBP09d8mUg3cBDDmKilqPcoNwUdksvnXPk8ou1OXGazpMsnHT57amZXOTk-ASVeb1moTxAnPtLYp9EmOUJZEF4EssoLUI9MzKaLau78xHGFsdujp0WvY9LptODc7hziZitS4A/w513-h247/Jerusalem%20sunset.jpg" width="513" /></a></div><span> </span><div><div style="text-align: center;"> Jerusalem during sunset</div><br /></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwmcD-MQrWjPaKprGjmnnbBrt6kEIUxdA2GcvV7CvQxFEVGGxs-BxnUqLsLR0-gWxtNVAJ-oo2O2NbMbBVILd00KbL8j1ElsDNIe-tqEOgMOtJIvvG_yQrrOT6n1EBv7HybnsUKycO54jhNVmzBBYO9v3sA0S4oycUX5ugqzzPVzNYsB7kC6AGNntsTA/s6000/Jerusalem%20golden%20hour%20logo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3375" data-original-width="6000" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwmcD-MQrWjPaKprGjmnnbBrt6kEIUxdA2GcvV7CvQxFEVGGxs-BxnUqLsLR0-gWxtNVAJ-oo2O2NbMbBVILd00KbL8j1ElsDNIe-tqEOgMOtJIvvG_yQrrOT6n1EBv7HybnsUKycO54jhNVmzBBYO9v3sA0S4oycUX5ugqzzPVzNYsB7kC6AGNntsTA/w449-h252/Jerusalem%20golden%20hour%20logo.jpg" width="449" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Jerusalem at golden hour</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">Click <b><a href="https://gabrielhelouphotography.zenfoliosite.com/collection/historical--religious-sites?id=29e03cfe-3603-4b91-96cb-7590f6bc257a&ct=2&gt=2&st=1&sc=0" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">here</span></a></b> to view my Jerusalem photo collection.</span></p>Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-78999349936622841962020-11-09T11:46:00.002+01:002020-11-09T11:49:37.536+01:00Photos of Jerusalem<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> My Jerusalem: photos I took on 22 October 2020</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflGHBX9WUmSl-TRhwpH2RHFP2QoJCGzl1fvPnMJ-RBbFORfGwwqku3k2Sqf0bivRX7DlYk5ywWjBiUQd4sqfxgqkOKMKLeJkRDZMKVzKiem4bmHbg2DDjkeaT64lxshaHbGmVFeGEi9tF/s2048/DSC_02752.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflGHBX9WUmSl-TRhwpH2RHFP2QoJCGzl1fvPnMJ-RBbFORfGwwqku3k2Sqf0bivRX7DlYk5ywWjBiUQd4sqfxgqkOKMKLeJkRDZMKVzKiem4bmHbg2DDjkeaT64lxshaHbGmVFeGEi9tF/w470-h313/DSC_02752.jpg" width="470" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Old City of Jerusalem </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh516fbbsm0rKGzeiKg-9xQ2fogzep1mIdUEEvvGJ6EmMPUcu5NyPbU9QAYl5z99ZPHsrc6jtBUYoxODrxvFnw4X6tzuALrqY9w5UluRl0XcqBax9No7cFs9xV0NqsBSMNxppYRWORqKUTo/s2048/DSC_02862.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1448" data-original-width="2048" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh516fbbsm0rKGzeiKg-9xQ2fogzep1mIdUEEvvGJ6EmMPUcu5NyPbU9QAYl5z99ZPHsrc6jtBUYoxODrxvFnw4X6tzuALrqY9w5UluRl0XcqBax9No7cFs9xV0NqsBSMNxppYRWORqKUTo/w462-h326/DSC_02862.jpg" width="462" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Old City of Jerusalem </b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4gGaGHVRcXwcvpO4J99UeYTJs6wpFnIqCFKpNRdPcx-h5IellsSSWMaQ8CkOSlar9ZtzJtjMhvhM7yaHT268TfedA8jAXoUa48hlJKoRBJ795xCMOnl_RBPCetOTi5Co0tcnx_sgGQ5lY/s2048/oldDSC_1012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1463" data-original-width="2048" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4gGaGHVRcXwcvpO4J99UeYTJs6wpFnIqCFKpNRdPcx-h5IellsSSWMaQ8CkOSlar9ZtzJtjMhvhM7yaHT268TfedA8jAXoUa48hlJKoRBJ795xCMOnl_RBPCetOTi5Co0tcnx_sgGQ5lY/w437-h313/oldDSC_1012.jpg" width="437" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>The Old City of Jerusalem</b></div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO9vSfE4Daj1bFyCMN_YkFWMRx18_OxcHV42pJsxcXA7_upz8JA-0-rUGWwolrFDJng5GfFX7jtGOB-V0vTcOylvVrGfS7iqdUdKiMx5KNBGS7LmjhyphenhyphenT3h8JxoA511Noz8QB6HCs7qJaSb/s2048/OC2DSC_0298.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1463" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO9vSfE4Daj1bFyCMN_YkFWMRx18_OxcHV42pJsxcXA7_upz8JA-0-rUGWwolrFDJng5GfFX7jtGOB-V0vTcOylvVrGfS7iqdUdKiMx5KNBGS7LmjhyphenhyphenT3h8JxoA511Noz8QB6HCs7qJaSb/w300-h419/OC2DSC_0298.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>The Old City of Jerusalem</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><b></b></div><br /><p><br /></p>Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-77696678219249223682019-01-08T10:33:00.005+01:002019-01-08T10:36:09.131+01:00Photos of Jerusalem <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSysrN9ISGqCl09VSytMb06zfA0v76kO0KOzNJoVY5t_TG1Tw-x0QUHpTs9-xJ_vBBH4NXmPqE9FA2CL9AWbjbpQQQLv-9CJ88mjfPKDl33HVWh8LvyX9XfejPNiXtSnjPQLVrcYKc7CgH/s1600/48947159_1053200648216876_8129392142272430080_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="1469" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSysrN9ISGqCl09VSytMb06zfA0v76kO0KOzNJoVY5t_TG1Tw-x0QUHpTs9-xJ_vBBH4NXmPqE9FA2CL9AWbjbpQQQLv-9CJ88mjfPKDl33HVWh8LvyX9XfejPNiXtSnjPQLVrcYKc7CgH/s400/48947159_1053200648216876_8129392142272430080_o.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">For more photos, click <a href="https://www.facebook.com/helougabriel/" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">here</span></a></b></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-34525120651853500812018-10-23T19:13:00.000+02:002018-10-24T12:26:02.570+02:00Jamal Khashoggi and Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">On October 2</span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><sup>nd</sup></span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">, 2018, Jamal Khashoggi entered the Saudi Consulate General in Istanbul, Turkey, to pick up marriage documents - wherefrom he never reemerged.</span></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">He was murdered at the Consulate by a team of 15 members, which included a forensic expert. According to reports, his body was then dismembered.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-kerning: none;">Saudi Arabia’s official version about Khashoggi’s <i>death</i> has </span><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none;">changed with each passing day.</span></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">Nevertheless, all leaks and reports lead to one same conclusion: the killing of Khashoggi was a premeditated murder, ordered by top echelons of the Saudi Monarchy, namely the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman. Today, Turkish President Erdoğan corroborated before the Turkish Parliament that it was pre-planned. </span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">Furthermore, it is unimaginable that the crime was carried out without the prior knowledge of the Saudi Consul. However, the latter could have prevented it, but he never did – regardless of the reasons.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">In addition to committing murder, violating Khashoggi’s right to life - under both domestic and international law - Saudi Arabia violated its obligations under international law, particularly diplomatic law, by turning its Consulate into a crime <i>foyer</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">In this respect, it is noteworthy that consular relations between Saudi Arabia and Turkey are governed by the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Firstly, under the abovementioned Convention, </span><span style="font-kerning: none;">the first listed function of a consulate is “protecting in the receiving State the interests of the sending State and of its nationals, both individuals and bodies corporate, within the limits permitted by international law” (Article 5(a) of VCCR). Saudi Arabia clearly violated this Article by brutally murdering one of its citizens inside its Consulate, instead of protecting his interests.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; -webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(35, 35, 35);">Secondly, </span><span style="font-kerning: none;">the sending State (Saudi Arabia in this case) has an obligation not to use its consulate in any manner incompatible with the exercise of consular functions (Article 55(2) of VCCR). In the <i>cas d'espèce</i>, Saudi Arabia used its Consulate in Istanbul to commit a crime. The crime was committed on Turkish territory, where Turkish law applies, despite the fact that the Consulate enjoys inviolability (or immunity).</span></span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">Thirdly, the crime took place before the eyes of the Saudi Consul. By not preventing Khashoggi’s murder, or actually witnessing it, the Saudi Consul flatly breached his duties under the said Convention.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">Although he enjoys privileges and immunities, the Saudi Consul has a duty to respect the laws and regulations of Turkey (Article 55(1) of VCCR). Perhaps he could not have been able to “physically” prevent the crime, but it is almost certain that he had been aware of the plan. As such, he could have simply informed the Turkish authorities, which in turn would have been able to arrest the “death team” upon arrival in Turkey. He could have at least requested the Turkish Police to prevent the 15-member team from entering the Consulate.</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">The Saudi Consul General did nothing to foil the plan. Otherwise, Turkey would have been able to take the necessary measures. This makes him criminally responsible. </span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-kerning: none; background-color: white;">Now, can the Saudi Consul, who enjoys diplomatic immunity, be prosecuted before Turkish courts for this crime? The circumstances of the present case point out to a premeditated murder, and reportedly, dismemberment of body. It is not, for example, a <i>simple</i> traffic violation. It is indeed a ‘grave crime’, for which even a consul general can be tried - in line with Article 41(1) of the VCCR. Accordingly, the Saudi Consul - together with the “death squad” - can be prosecuted in Turkey.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Finally, it is true that the Saudi Consul has furtively fled Turkey… but that’s a different story involving different procedures and responses.</span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-11743012742977466822018-09-21T09:55:00.000+02:002018-09-21T09:56:22.415+02:00Customary IHL: The Act of Displacement<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Source: <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">ICRC</span></a></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">"<b>Rule 129.<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><br />
A. Parties to an international armed conflict may not deport or forcibly
transfer the civilian population of an occupied territory, in whole or in part,
unless the security of the civilians involved or imperative military reasons so
demand.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">B. Parties to a non-international armed conflict
may not order the displacement of the civilian population, in whole or in part,
for reasons related to the conflict, unless the security of the civilians
involved or imperative military reasons so demand.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Summary</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">State
practice establishes these rules as norms of customary international law
applicable in international (A) and non-international (B) armed conflicts
respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">International armed conflicts</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
prohibition of the deportation or transfer of civilians goes back to the Lieber
Code, which provides that “private citizens are no longer … carried off to
distant parts”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00001"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00001"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00001;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00001;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00001;"></span> Under the Charter of the International
Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), “deportation to slave labour or for any other
purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory” constitutes a war
crime.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00002"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00002"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00002;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00002;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00002;"></span> The prohibition of the transfer or
deportation of civilians is set forth in the Fourth Geneva Convention.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00003"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00003"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00003;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00003;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00003;"></span> In addition, according to the Fourth Geneva
Convention and Additional Protocol I, it is a grave breach of these instruments
to deport or transfer the civilian population of an occupied territory, unless
the security of the civilians involved or imperative military reasons so
demand.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00004"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00004"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00004;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[4]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00004;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00004;"></span> Under the Statute of the International Criminal
Court, “the deportation or transfer [by the Occupying Power] of all or parts of
the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory”
constitutes a war crime in international armed conflicts.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00005"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00005"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00005;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[5]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00005;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00005;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Numerous
military manuals specify the prohibition of unlawful deportation or transfer of
civilians in occupied territory.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00006"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00006"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00006;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[6]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00006;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00006;"></span> It is an offence under the legislation of
many States to carry out such deportations or transfers.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00007"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00007"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00007;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[7]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00007;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00007;"></span> There is case-law relating to the Second
World War supporting the prohibition.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00008"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00008"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00008;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[8]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00008;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00008;"></span>It is also supported by official statements and by
many resolutions adopted by international organizations and international
conferences, including condemnations of alleged cases of deportation and
transfer.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00009"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00009"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00009;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[9]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00009;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00009;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Supreme Court of Israel has stated on several occasions, however, that Article
49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention was not meant to apply to the deportation of
selected individuals for reasons of public order and security,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00010"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00010"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00010;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[10]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00010;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00010;"></span> or that Article 49 did not form part of
customary international law and that therefore deportation orders against
individual citizens did not contravene the domestic law of Israel.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00011"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00011"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00011;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00011;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00011;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Evacuation of the civilian population</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In both
international and non-international armed conflicts, State practice establishes
an exception to the prohibition of displacement in cases where the security of
the civilians involved or imperative military reasons (such as clearing a
combat zone) require the evacuation for as long as the conditions warranting it
exist. This exception is contained in the Fourth Geneva Convention and
Additional Protocol II.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00024"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00024"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00024;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[24]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00024;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00024;"></span> The possibility of evacuation is also
provided for in numerous military manuals.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00025"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00025"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00025;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[25]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00025;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00025;"></span> It is contained in the legislation of many
States.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00026"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00026"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00026;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[26]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00026;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00026;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement prohibit the “arbitrary”
displacement of persons, which is defined as including displacement in
situations of armed conflict, “unless the security of civilians involved or
imperative military reasons so demand”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00027"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00027"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00027;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[27]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00027;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00027;"></span> The exception of “imperative military
reasons” can never cover cases of removal of the civilian population in order
to persecute it.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00028"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00028"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00028;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[28]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00028;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00028;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Fourth Geneva Convention further specifies that evacuations may not involve
displacement outside the bounds of the occupied territory “except where for
material reasons it is impossible to avoid such displacement”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00029"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00029"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00029;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[29]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00029;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00029;"></span> With respect to non-international armed
conflicts, Additional Protocol II specifies that evacuations may never involve
displacement outside the national territory.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00030"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00030"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00030;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[30]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00030;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00030;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prevention of displacement</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">State practice
also underlines the duty of parties to a conflict to prevent displacement
caused by their own acts, at least those acts which are prohibited in and of
themselves (e.g., terrorizing the civilian population or carrying out
indiscriminate attacks). As stated in the Guiding Principles on Internal
Displacement:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">All
authorities and international actors shall respect and ensure respect for their
obligations under international law, including human rights and humanitarian
law, in all circumstances, so as to prevent and avoid conditions that might
lead to displacement of persons.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="refFn_E202C037_00031"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule129#Fn_E202C037_00031"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00031;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[31]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00031;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_E202C037_00031;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ethnic cleansing</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ethnic
cleansing” aims to change the demographic composition of a territory. In
addition to displacement of the civilian population of a territory, this can be
achieved through other acts which are prohibited in and of themselves such as
attacks against civilians (see Rule 1), murder (see Rule 89) and rape and other
forms of sexual violence (see Rule 93). These acts are prohibited regardless of
the nature of the conflict and have been widely condemned."</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-53284362563120404272018-09-21T08:00:00.001+02:002018-09-21T09:57:37.881+02:00Customary IHL: Public and Private Property in Occupied Territory<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Source:<span style="color: red; font-style: italic;"> <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51" target="_blank">ICRC</a></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: red; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51" style="background-color: white; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;" target="_blank"> </a></span></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"><br /><br />“Rule 51. Public and Private
Property in Occupied Territory</span><br />
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<span class="intro"><b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 107%;">Rule 51. In
occupied territory:</span></i></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="intro"><b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(a) movable public property that can be used for
military operations may be confiscated;</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(b) immovable public property must be administered
according to the rule of usufruct; and</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(c) private property must be respected and may not
be confiscated;</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="intro"><b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">except where destruction or seizure of such
property is required by imperative military necessity.</span></span></i></b></span><span class="intro"><b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: _su;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Summary</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _su;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">State practice establishes this rule as a norm of
customary international law applicable in international armed conflicts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><u>Movable
public property</u></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_mopupr" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The rule that all movable public property that may
be used for military operations may be confiscated is a long-standing rule of
customary international law already recognized in the Lieber Code, the Brussels
Declaration and the Oxford Manual.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00001" name="refFn_5496F01D_00001" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00001"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00001;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00001;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00001;"></span> It is codified in the Hague Regulations,
which provides that the following may be confiscated: “cash, funds, and
realizable securities which are strictly the property of the State, depots of
arms, means of transport, stores and supplies, and, generally, all movable
property belonging to the State which may be used for military operations”.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00002;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00002">[2]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00002"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00002;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00002;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00002;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This rule is set forth in numerous military manuals.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00003" name="refFn_5496F01D_00003" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00003"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00003;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00003;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00003;"></span> It was applied in several cases after the
Second World War.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00004;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00004">[4]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00004"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00004;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00004;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00004;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The military manuals of Australia, Canada and New
Zealand define confiscation as “the taking of enemy public movable property
without the obligation to compensate the State to which it belongs”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00005" name="refFn_5496F01D_00005" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00005"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00005;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[5]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00005;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00005;"></span> Technically, this differs from war booty to
the extent that the latter only concerns military equipment captured or found
on the battlefield, but both categories have been blurred in practice as the
applicable regime is the same: they may be taken without compensation.
Germany’s Military Manual, for example, refers to both as “spoils of war”.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00006;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00006">[6]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00006"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00006;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00006;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00006;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">According to the Hague Regulations, the property of
municipalities and of institutions dedicated to religion, charity and
education, the arts and sciences, even when State property, shall be treated as
private property.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00007" name="refFn_5496F01D_00007" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00007"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00007;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[7]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00007;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00007;"></span> As a result, it is prohibited to seize or
destroy such property, including historic monuments and works of art and
science (see Rule 40).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><u>Immovable
public property</u></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_impupr" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The rule that immovable public property must be
administered according to the rules of usufruct is a long-standing rule of
customary international law already recognized in the Lieber Code, the Brussels
Declaration and the Oxford Manual.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00008" name="refFn_5496F01D_00008" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00008"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00008;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[8]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00008;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00008;"></span> It is codified in the Hague Regulations as
follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The occupying State shall be regarded only as
administrator and usufructuary of public buildings, real estate, forests, and
agricultural estates belonging to the hostile State, and situated in the
occupied territory. It must safeguard the capital of these properties, and
administer them in accordance with the rules of usufruct.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00009;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00009">[9]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00009"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00009;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00009;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00009;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This rule is contained in several military manuals.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00010" name="refFn_5496F01D_00010" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00010"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00010;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[10]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00010;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00010;"></span> The manuals of Australia, Canada and New
Zealand explain that, as a result, “enemy public immovable property may be
administered and used but it may not be confiscated”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00011" name="refFn_5496F01D_00011" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00011"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00011;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00011;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00011;"></span> This rule was applied in several cases after
the Second World War.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00012;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00012">[12]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00012"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00012;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00012;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00012;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Several military manuals explicitly apply to
immovable public property the principle that property of the adversary may be
destroyed in case of imperative military necessity (see Rule 50).<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00013;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00013">[13]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00013"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00013;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00013;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00013;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><u>Private
property</u></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_prpr" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The protection of private property against
confiscation is a long-standing rule of customary international law already
recognized in the Lieber Code, the Brussels Declaration and the Oxford Manual.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00014" name="refFn_5496F01D_00014" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00014"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00014;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[14]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00014;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00014;"></span> The prohibition of confiscation of private
property is codified in Article 46 of the Hague Regulations.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00015" name="refFn_5496F01D_00015" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00015"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00015;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[15]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00015;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00015;"></span>This prohibition does not mean that no private
property may ever be seized because, as stated in Article 53 of the Hague
Regulations:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">All appliances, whether on land, at sea, or in the
air, adapted for the transmission of news, or for the transport of persons or
things, … depots of arms, and, generally, all kinds of munitions of war, may be
seized, even if they belong to private individuals, but they must be restored
and compensation fixed when peace is made.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00016;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00016">[16]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00016"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00016;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00016;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00016;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This rule is contained in numerous military manuals.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00017" name="refFn_5496F01D_00017" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00017"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00017;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[17]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00017;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00017;"></span> As explained in Australia’s Defence Force
Manual, “these objects may be seized by, but they do not become the property
of, the occupying power. The seizure operates merely as a transfer of the
possession of the object to the occupying power while ownership remains with
the private owner.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00018" name="refFn_5496F01D_00018" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00018"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00018;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[18]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00018;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00018;"></span> According to New Zealand’s Military Manual,
within this category fall:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">cables, telegraph and telephone plant; television,
telecommunications and radio equipment; horses, motorcars, bicycles, carts and
carriages; railways and railway plant, tramways; ships in port, river and canal
craft; aircraft of all descriptions, except ambulance aircraft; sporting
weapons; and all kinds of property which could serve as war material.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00019;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00019">[19]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00019"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00019;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00019;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00019;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Several military manuals explicitly apply to
private property the principle that property of the adversary may be destroyed
or seized in case of imperative military necessity (see Rule 50).<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00020;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00020">[20]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00020"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00020;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00020;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00020;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The protection of private property against
confiscation was confirmed in national case-law after the Second World War and
in several other cases.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00021" name="refFn_5496F01D_00021" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00021"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00021;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[21]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00021;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00021;"></span> In the <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Al-Nawar case</i> before
the Israeli High Court in 1985, Judge Shamgar considered that Article 46 of the
Hague Regulations did not extend to property “actually in use by the hostile
army”.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00022;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00022">[22]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00022"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00022;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00022;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00022;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Hague Regulations provides detailed rules with
respect to contributions in kind and services, known as requisitions, demanded
from the population and authorities of the occupied territory to satisfy the
needs of the occupying forces:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Requisitions in kind and services shall not be
demanded from municipalities or inhabitants except for the needs of the army of
occupation. They shall be in proportion to the resources of the country, and of
such a nature as not to involve the inhabitants in the obligation of taking
part in military operations against their own country. Such requisitions and
services shall only be demanded on the authority of the commander in the
locality occupied. Contributions in kind shall as far as possible be paid for
in cash; if not, a receipt shall be given and the payment of the amount due
shall be made as soon as possible.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00023;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00023">[23]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00023"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00023;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00023;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00023;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These rules are incorporated in many military
manuals.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00024" name="refFn_5496F01D_00024" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00024"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00024;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[24]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00024;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00024;"></span> Their violation constitutes an offence under
the legislation of many States.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00025" name="refFn_5496F01D_00025" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00025"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00025;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[25]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00025;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00025;"></span> There exist further detailed rules which
restrict the requisitioning of specific types of objects: property of aid
societies;<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00026" name="refFn_5496F01D_00026" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00026"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00026;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[26]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00026;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00026;"></span> civilian hospitals in occupied territory;<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00027" name="refFn_5496F01D_00027" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00027"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00027;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[27]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00027;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00027;"></span>civil defence materiel and buildings in occupied
territories.<span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00028;"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00028">[28]</a></span></span><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00028"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00028;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00028;"></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00028;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The principal rule of respect for private property
is explicitly set forth in some manuals which are applicable in
non-international armed conflicts.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="refFn_5496F01D_00029" name="refFn_5496F01D_00029" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></a><a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule51#Fn_5496F01D_00029"><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00029;"><span style="color: windowtext;">[29]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00029;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: refFn_5496F01D_00029;"></span> This rule does not, however, establish a
specific separate rule outside the prohibition of destruction or seizure except
in case of imperative military necessity (see Rule 50) and the prohibition of
pillage (see Rule 52). No rule could be identified for non-international armed
conflicts which would prohibit, according to international law, the
confiscation of private property, nor is there a rule of international law
which allows such confiscation. It is expected, however, that this question
would be regulated in national legislation.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-70034416226777397292018-09-21T07:51:00.003+02:002018-09-21T07:51:39.591+02:00Occupation and international humanitarian law<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source: <span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/634kfc.htm" target="_blank">ICRC</a></span><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">“<b>1. What is occupation? <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Article 42 of the 1907 Hague Regulations
(HR) states that a "territory is considered occupied when it is actually
placed under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation extends only to
the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to their common Article 2,
the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 apply to any territory occupied during
international hostilities. They also apply in situations where the occupation
of state territory meets with no armed resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The legality of any particular
occupation is regulated by the UN Charter and the law known as <i>jus ad
bellum.</i> Once a situation exists which factually amounts to an
occupation the law of occupation applies – whether or not the occupation is
considered lawful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Therefore, for the applicability of the
law of occupation, it makes no difference whether an occupation has received
Security Council approval, what its aim is, or indeed whether it is called an
“invasion”, “liberation”, “administration” or “occupation”. As the law of
occupation is primarily motivated by humanitarian considerations, it is solely
the facts on the ground that determine its application.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. When does the law of
occupation start to apply? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The rules of international humanitarian
law relevant to occupied territories become applicable whenever territory comes
under the effective control of hostile foreign armed forces, even if the
occupation meets no armed resistance and there is no fighting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The question of "control"
calls up at least two different interpretations. It could be taken to mean that
a situation of occupation exists whenever a party to a conflict exercises some
level of authority or control within foreign territory. So, for example,
advancing troops could be considered bound by the law of occupation already
during the invasion phase of hostilities. This is the approach suggested in the
ICRC's <i>Commentary to the Fourth Geneva Convention</i> (1958).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">An alternative and more restrictive
approach would be to say that a situation of occupation exists only once a
party to a conflict is in a position to exercise sufficient authority over
enemy territory to enable it to discharge <i>all</i> of the duties
imposed by the law of occupation. This approach is adopted by a number of
military manuals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. What are the most important
principles governing occupation? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The duties of the occupying power are
spelled out primarily in the 1907 Hague Regulations (arts 42-56) and the Fourth
Geneva Convention (GC IV, art. 27-34 and 47-78), as well as in certain provisions
of Additional Protocol I and customary international humanitarian law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agreements concluded between the
occupying power and the local authorities cannot deprive the population of
occupied territory of the protection afforded by international humanitarian law
(GC IV, art. 47) and protected persons themselves can in no circumstances
renounce their rights (GC IV, art. 8).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The main rules of the law applicable in
case of occupation state that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The occupant does not acquire sovereignty over the
territory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Occupation is only a temporary situation, and the rights of
the occupant are limited to the extent of that period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The occupying power must respect the laws in force in the
occupied territory, unless they constitute a threat to its security or an
obstacle to the application of the international law of occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The occupying power must take measures to restore and
ensure, as far as possible, public order and safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To the fullest extent of the means available to it, the
occupying power must ensure sufficient hygiene and public health standards, as
well as the provision of food and medical care to the population under
occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The population in occupied territory cannot be forced to
enlist in the occupier's armed forces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Collective or individual forcible transfers of population
from and within the occupied territory are prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transfers of the civilian population of the occupying power
into the occupied territory, regardless whether forcible or voluntary, are
prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Collective punishment is prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The taking of hostages is prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reprisals against protected persons or their property are
prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The confiscation of private property by the occupant is
prohibited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The destruction or seizure of enemy property is prohibited,
unless absolutely required by military necessity during the conduct of
hostilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cultural property must be respected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">People accused of criminal offences shall be provided with
proceedings respecting internationally recognized judicial guarantees (for
example, they must be informed of the reason for their arrest, charg ed with a
specific offence and given a fair trial as quickly as possible).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personnel of the International Red Cross/Red Crescent
Movement must be allowed to carry out their humanitarian activities. The ICRC,
in particular, must be given access to all protected persons, wherever they
are, whether or not they are deprived of their liberty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. What rights does the occupying
power have regarding property and natural resources in the occupied
territory?<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><u>Private property</u></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Private property cannot be confiscated
by the occupier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Food and medical supplies may be
requisitioned exclusively for the use of the occupation forces and
administration personnel themselves (i.e. not for purposes of export outside of
the occupied territory and not for the benefit of anyone beyond the occupying
personnel, unless necessary for the benefit of the population under occupation
itself) and only if the needs of the civilian population have been taken into
account (GC IV, art. 55).<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><u>Public property</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The occupying power may seize any
movable property, belonging to the state, which may be used for military
operations (HR, art. 53).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The occupant does not acquire ownership
of immovable public property in the occupied territory, since it is only a
temporary administrator. Subject to restrictions regarding their exploitation
and use, it can nevertheless make use of public property, including natural
resources, but it must safeguard their capital value, in accordance with the
law of usufruct (H R, art. 55).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5. When does occupation come to
an end? <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The normal way for an occupation to end
is for the occupying power to withdraw from the occupied territory or be driven
out of it. However, the continued presence of foreign troops does not
necessarily mean that occupation continues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FBFAF6; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A transfer of authority to a local
government re-establishing the full and free exercise of sovereignty will normally
end the state of occupation, if the government agrees to the continued presence
of foreign troops on its territory. However, the law of occupation may become
applicable again if the situation on the ground changes, that is to say, if the
territory again becomes "actually placed under the authority of the
hostile army" (H R, art. 42) – in other words, under the control of
foreign troops without the consent of the local authorities.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-63601878065279686492018-09-05T10:14:00.001+02:002018-09-05T11:10:36.025+02:00Khan Al-Ahmar community <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">Today, the Israeli High Court of Justice dismissed the petitions of the residents of Khan Al-Ahmar Bedouin community, east of Jerusalem, and ruled to demolish the community. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The Court also ruled that the demolition can be carried out within a week.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">------------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The demolition of Khan Al-Ahmar would constitute war crimes:</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">- forcible transfer</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">- wanton and extensive destruction of private property, not justified by military necessity</span></div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-58661186017357636322018-09-05T09:40:00.000+02:002018-09-05T09:40:14.023+02:00UN General Assembly Resolution establishing UNRWA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">UN General Assembly <a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/051/21/IMG/NR005121.pdf?OpenElement" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Resolution</span></a> 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949, which established the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).</span></div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-30604801076340385732018-04-03T19:06:00.004+02:002018-04-03T19:09:35.604+02:00Photos of Jerusalem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><u>My photos of Jerusalem</u></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Pd8C7p9ZPUE_qNkT2lkvjSTPpbbxY-Eryx8K_fZ-b5VrNc2laoqEX9tgjPvgBTlJjvTkI1DgU6x6cEwbpl9JAwaPpXBhHNcybwXKhd9UxdDSBBgFM67MqnW0AC7WOXxe3_9fnvnerFlO/s1600/MyJer2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="583" data-original-width="1024" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-Pd8C7p9ZPUE_qNkT2lkvjSTPpbbxY-Eryx8K_fZ-b5VrNc2laoqEX9tgjPvgBTlJjvTkI1DgU6x6cEwbpl9JAwaPpXBhHNcybwXKhd9UxdDSBBgFM67MqnW0AC7WOXxe3_9fnvnerFlO/s400/MyJer2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvI8jhuHvgW-eR2wppeqHry1gBg8XnKE2TBJV1QdVvEk5qB0TOAcpqLu3GSsKqAIJBkH5q2Ub5vzue_LQHI4hhxZt-N1AtF-mTQya7nnnjcJi4AJjHcwaUmk5u5e1KB8NmtEZJPjXz-rq/s1600/MyJer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJvI8jhuHvgW-eR2wppeqHry1gBg8XnKE2TBJV1QdVvEk5qB0TOAcpqLu3GSsKqAIJBkH5q2Ub5vzue_LQHI4hhxZt-N1AtF-mTQya7nnnjcJi4AJjHcwaUmk5u5e1KB8NmtEZJPjXz-rq/s400/MyJer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwSeSOkZotB4nw9WZb12dVCBsAYZwTbwMMkSbvQCZFIY5Yvak6dAtSBcmZwi0f7aBQcYoexuJmeK0i8gUnj_Dyk1pfO43Yj03C4qiFJ98nu0s-Y7L_aywYuJ5LLqYKnHSJGnD4TasNy7iJ/s1600/MyJer4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="647" data-original-width="1024" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwSeSOkZotB4nw9WZb12dVCBsAYZwTbwMMkSbvQCZFIY5Yvak6dAtSBcmZwi0f7aBQcYoexuJmeK0i8gUnj_Dyk1pfO43Yj03C4qiFJ98nu0s-Y7L_aywYuJ5LLqYKnHSJGnD4TasNy7iJ/s400/MyJer4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>For more photos, click <a href="https://www.facebook.com/helougabriel/" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">here</span></a></b></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-3031528216245866692016-06-29T21:18:00.004+02:002016-06-29T21:19:23.184+02:00Palestine ratifies Amendments to the ICC Rome Statute on the Crime of Aggression <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">"Palestine - a State Party to the ICC Rome Statute - deposited its instrument of ratification of the “Kampala Amendments” to the Rome Statute on the crime of aggression, bringing the total number of ratifications to 30, which is the required number in order for the Amendments to enter into <a href="http://www.gabrielhelou.com/blog"><span style="color: red;"><b>force</b></span></a>..."</span></span></div>
</div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-32697588376822501242015-09-27T15:44:00.001+02:002015-09-27T15:44:42.347+02:00Palestinians in Southern West Bank: Not on the map of the Israeli Police<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"The map of the Hebron region used by the Israel Police excludes all the Palestinian villages and communities in the area, other than the three big cities, and omits written data about the Palestinian <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel/.premium-1.677631"><span style="color: red;">population</span></a>."</span></div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-34739974380190100182015-09-26T18:48:00.003+02:002015-09-26T18:48:50.107+02:00"Our existence in Jerusalem is constantly threatened"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"Morning, noon and night, every Palestinian in Jerusalem lives and breathes the Israeli desire, which they perceive in the state’s policies, for them all to abandon the city and move abroad or to Ramallah. As residents but not citizens, they are subject to Israeli entry laws – as if they had asked to move there and not been annexed. Extended residence outside the city – for studies, work or living in the West Bank – puts them at risk of losing their Jerusalem residency status and expulsion, with the High Court's <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel/.premium-1.677625"><span style="color: red;"><b>approval</b></span></a>."</div>
</div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-19862815211545157372015-09-25T17:00:00.002+02:002015-09-25T17:00:53.876+02:00New Israeli rules of engagement: Establishing "equality" in suppression <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"><span id="goog_1886207560"></span>"<u>The new </u><a href="http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Analysis-New-rules-Fire-only-when-life-is-threatened-419087"><span style="color: red;">rules of engagement</span></a><u> aim
to level the playing field between police in Jerusalem and the IDF in the
territories</u>. These now allow, for example, police snipers to shoot live, yet
relatively weak rounds from Ruger rifles, at anyone hurling firebombs, rocks,
or launching fireworks in a manner that places lives at risk."<span id="goog_1886207561"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-13771648521277650982015-09-25T12:11:00.002+02:002015-09-25T12:12:02.772+02:00One-third of the land in the West Bank is closed to the Palestinians<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">“<a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.677426"><span style="color: red;">Kerem Navot</span></a> nonprofit reports on how closed military zones have worked to shape the map in the settlers' favor.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; min-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia; text-align: justify;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The original justification for the land closure procedures, which began immediately after the war in 1967, was on security grounds. However, since then, many other considerations have been added, primarily benefitting the settlement project. The bottom line is that currently nearly 1,765,000 dunams (about 436,000 acres) – nearly one-third of the land in the West Bank – is closed to the Palestinians, on the grounds that these are military zones.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia; text-align: justify;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The justification is not entirely consistent with the reality, according to the report, in that about 78 percent of the land closed for military maneuvers is not being used for that purpose at all. The report says the rest of the land is divided between areas that the army makes frequent use of (more than one training exercise every three months – about 10 percent of the closed areas) and land for which little use is being made (about 12 percent have, on average, less than one training exercise every three months).”</span></div>
</div>
Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-49155778309563576552015-05-14T22:34:00.000+02:002015-05-14T22:34:33.263+02:00The Palestinian Nakba: 67 years, and counting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">67 years - day by day - have passed since Palestinians were forcibly evicted out of their homes towards unknown destinations. In no time, they found themselves living under temporary tents which became their permanent shelter for many many years ahead. They became to be known as Palestine refugees, to live in the most inhuman and miserable conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Nakba, known also as the 1st Arab-Israeli War, stands for the 1948 catastrophe surrounding the establishment of the State of Israel, resulting in the dispersion of Palestinians worldwide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">The United Nations General Assembly Partition Plan of 1947 - UNGA Resolution 181 - caused the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948, in the wake of the exodus of British Mandate forces from Palestine on May 14, 1948. The Plan granted the Jews in Palestine just over 56% of the area at a time when they owned less than 7% of the land and constituted approximately one-third of the population. By the end of the War, Israel controlled 77.4% of the land. Palestine was fragmented, occupied and its society dismantled and rendered a nation of displaced refugees. When the State of Israel was proclaimed on May 15, 1948, in Tel-Aviv, there was significantly no mention of borders - the “Jewish State” has never publicly defined the extent of its limits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">After the 1948 War, and by the time of the 1949 cease-fire agreement, Arab areas had shrunk to 23% of Palestine (Gaza Strip and West Bank). 418 Palestinian villages had been depopulated and erased from the map as a result of Israeli military activities, expulsion orders, and the exodus of Palestinian civilians. Only about 120 Arab villages remained within the 1949 cease-fire lines, and these now have no more than 7% of the land, as a result of large-scale seizure and confiscation of Arab land and property. By September 1949, according to United Nations estimates, there were 726,000 Palestinian refugees located outside the armistice lines and 32,0000 inside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">On December 11, 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 194 (III) affirming the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes. However, this Resolution has never been implemented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Following the 1948 War, separate armistice agreements with the Egyptians, Lebanese, Jordanians, Syrians were signed in Rhodes in the course of 1949, which did not pave the way before any settlement to the conflict. Furthermore, the Gaza Strip was controlled by Egypt and came under the administration of an Egyptian governor. Meanwhile, the West Bank was controlled by Jordan which annexed it in 1950 declaring the two banks of the Jordan River as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip remained under Jordanian and Egyptian rule, respectively, until June 1967 War when Israel conquered the areas, imposing Israeli military hegemony over Occupied Palestinian Territories.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Subsequently, a UN agency was established under the name of UNRWA - UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. It was meant to give emergency assistance to Palestinians displaced by the war of 1948 and began to operate in May 1950. Its mandate, to provide essential education, health and relief services to Palestine refugees living in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, as well as in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">As a result of the ongoing process of the Nakba, Palestinians have become indeed the world's oldest and largest refugee population, and now make up more than 1/4 of the world's total refugees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">Many of the Palestinians fleeing their homes in 1948 left with minimum of luggage in the belief that they would be returning to their homes within days, weeks, as soon as the violence passed their villages. Now living in overcrowded and underprivileged camps in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and the West Bank and Gaza Strip, they and their descendants - now entering a 4<sup>th</sup> generation - are still waiting. Many of them still hold the keys of their pre-1948 homes ..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 13pt;">May 15, 1948, will always be remembered as a black day in the history of Humanity and of the United Nations, unless the continuous Palestinian suffering is brought to an end. No injustice can or should be permanent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-31989517666648950082015-04-20T11:35:00.002+02:002015-04-20T11:35:23.160+02:00"The Absentee Property Law and Its Implementation in East Jerusalem"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: small;">“The Absentee Property Law and Its Implementation in East
Jerusalem: A Legal Guide and <a href="http://www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9195779.pdf"><strong><span style="color: red;">Analysis</span></strong></a>”<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-538961320866146192015-04-16T10:28:00.000+02:002015-04-16T10:28:01.595+02:00"West Bank outposts: A whole system of dispossession"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">“</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">At
the core of the outpost system lies the systemic violation of Palestinian human
rights.<o:p></o:p></span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">If we had to look for a good example of the <i>meaning</i>
of the outpost system – the unofficial settlements Israel builds in the West
Bank – we could hardly expect a better one than the one supplied by the
minister of defense. Recently, commenting on an appeal that — contrary to
publications — we have nothing to do with, and demands the removal of the Mizpe
Kramim outpost, Defense Minister Moseh Ya’alon said (Hebrew) that: “This point
was built legally, with the support of the Prime Minister and the Minister of
Defense. True, later someone appealed, an Israeli organization of course, a
leftist organization that found some Arab who claims ownership.” Much as it
painful that this is the level of understanding of a senior Israeli minister,
the interesting part here is actually the part where Ya’alon talks about “some
Arab claims ownership.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Because here, with some brutality, Ya’alon
touches on the main problem of the outpost movement: its violation of
Palestinian human rights in the West Bank. Yesh Din’s research over the years,
and particularly its report, “The Road to Dispossession,” which uses the
outpost Adei-Ad as a microcosm, finds that the creation of an outpost is a
steady source for unceasing violation of the rights of the Palestinian
residents in the nearby villages. This violation is inherent in existence of
the <a href="http://blog.yesh-din.org/en/?p=962"><strong><span style="color: red;">outpost</span></strong></a>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-17489371286205938162015-04-09T23:26:00.000+02:002015-04-09T23:26:19.806+02:00"State of Palestine in Overtime"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">“The large majority of countries, and most of the people in the world, already recognise Palestine as an independent state.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: #323333;">Among the member states of the United Nations, for example, 135 countries – representing about 82 percent of world population – officially recognise Palestine as an independent state versus 50 countries that do not recognise the Palestinian </span><a href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/04/state-of-palestine-in-overtime/"><b><span style="color: red;">state</span></b></a><span style="color: #323333;">.”</span></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-82336446267524001872015-04-08T19:03:00.002+02:002015-04-08T19:06:06.504+02:009 April: The 67th anniversary of Deir Yassin Massacre <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">“Deir Yassin was a small Palestinian village near Jerusalem which had made and scrupulously abided by a non-aggression agreement with the Haganah. On 9 April 1948, the Irgun and the Stern Gang launched an unprovoked attack on the village and massacred over 245 Palestinians. According to Benny Morris in <i>Righteous Victims</i>, entire families were killed, and reports from Jewish commanders spoke of “barbaric behavior towards the prisoners and dead”, with Palestinian villagers being paraded in Jerusalem city streets in trucks before being taken back to the village and murdered. Although the Haganah leadership condemned the operation, it served a useful purpose in their expulsion plan as its psychological effect on Palestinians was devastating.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The accounts from survivors and witnesses were harrowing:</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">“[I saw] a man shoot… my sister Salhiyeh who was nine months pregnant. Then he cut her stomach open with a butcher’s knife.” - Haleem Lei” </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b><a href="http://www.passia.org/publications/bulletins/Nakba%20website/NakbaFull.pdf"><span style="color: red;"><i>Source</i></span></a></b></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-16715304248957840892015-04-07T22:11:00.003+02:002015-04-07T22:11:23.141+02:00"France set to propose new Palestinian state resolution at UN"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">“The French government has seen a window of opportunity, following recent elections in Israel, to get the United States on board for a renewed effort towards an Israeli-Palestinian settlement, and is preparing a draft UN Security Council <a href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4645117,00.html"><b>resolution</b></a>.”</span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-24269288650614167622015-04-07T20:17:00.002+02:002015-04-07T20:17:27.317+02:00"Israeli forces target journalists in West Bank"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“It is becoming increasingly risky to cover clashes and protests between Israeli security forces and Palestinian protesters in the West Bank as the number of journalists injured, in what appears to be deliberate targeting by Israeli security forces, continues to <a href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-forces-target-journalists-west-bank-14805919"><span style="color: blue;"><b>rise</b></span></a>.”</span></span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-37766405196058985792015-04-06T23:16:00.000+02:002015-04-06T23:16:38.466+02:00Permits to exit or enter the Gaza Strip: Israel's "response procedure" <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">“To make a long story short, this is a procedure that determines how long the state can take to respond to Palestinians’ requests to exit or enter the Gaza Strip. According to the procedure, requests to travel between Gaza and the West Bank are to be submitted no later than 14 workdays before the requested date of travel, and a response is to be provided five days before that date at the latest, to enable the applicant to seek legal recourse if <a href="http://gisha.org/en-blog/2015/03/29/is-getting-a-timely-response-too-much-to-ask/"><b><span style="color: red;">necessary</span></b></a>.”</span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5076582766086228810.post-12260633496612853052015-04-06T19:07:00.002+02:002015-04-06T19:07:49.056+02:00"The Unlawful Seizure of Palestinian Taxes: Israel's Collective Punishment of a People"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">“A new report - titled "The Unlawful Seizure of Palestinian Taxes: Israel's Collective Punishment of a People" and released by Al-Haq on the day that Palestine becomes a member of the ICC - documents the results of Israel's withholding of taxes paid by Palestinian individuals and businesses over three consecutive months and which should have been transferred to the Palestinian Authority (PA). The tax payments were seized by Israel in response to Palestine's accession to the ICC Statute in late December 2014 and amount to nearly three quarters of PA revenue for the period January to March 2015. This has lead to massive cuts to public sector salaries which have hit ordinary Palestinian families across the territory hard.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Al-Haq's report – which also analyses the seizure of taxes from December 2012 to February 2013 in response to Palestine seeking recognition as a State at the UN – demonstrates that these acts constitute both extensive appropriation of property carried out unlawfully and wantonly, a grave breach of the fourth Geneva Convention prosecutable at the ICC, and collective punishment, a war crime under customary international <a href="http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index/item/the-unlawful-seizure-of-palestinian-taxes-israel-s-collective-punishment-of-a-people"><b><span style="color: red;">law</span></b></a>.”</span></div>
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Gabriel Helouhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12753019287579813917noreply@blogger.com0